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Designing    and    Consulting    Engineer 


INDIANAPOLIS,    INDIANA 
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MAUMEE  RIVER  BRIDGE,  WATERVILLE,  OHIO 
Twelve  spans  of  75  to  90  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 

See  page  28,  lower  view 
For  the  Ohio  Electric  Railway  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1907 


AMERICAN  RIVER  BRIDGE,  SACRAMENTO,  CALIFORNIA 

Five  spans  of  112  to  125  feet.   Roadway  21  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  Sacramento  County.  Sacramento,  California,  1915 


BELLEVIEW  BRIDGE,  BELLEAIR,  FLORIDA 

Three  spans  of  30  to  60  feet.   Roadway  18  feet 

The  end  spans  are  half-arches,  not  cantilevers,  and  have  expansion  joints 

in  the  spandrels  above  each  pier 
For  M.  F.  Plant.  New  London,  Connecticut  1915 


WEST   WASHINGTON   STREET   BRIDGE,   OVER   WHITE   RIVER,    INDIANAPOLIS,    INDIANA 

Seven  spans  of  106  to  120  feet.   Roadway  77  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Marion  County,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1916 


SOUTH   THIRD  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER   LEHIGH   RIVER,   EASTON,   PENNSYLVANIA 

Three  spans  of  92  to  105  feet.  Roadway  62  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Northampton  County,  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  1912 


WEST  WASHINGTON  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  WHITE  RIVER,  INDIANAPOLIS  INDIANA 

Roadway  77  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 

On  the  Old  National  Road,  Washington  to  St.  Louis 


SOUTH  THIRD  STREET  BRIDGE.  OVER  LEHIGH  RIVER,  EASTON,  PENNSYLVANIA 

Roadway  62  feet 

See  opposite  page,  lower  view 

Under  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  and  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad 


LEWISBURG   BRIDGE,   OVER  WABASH   RIVER,   LEWISBURG,   INDIANA 

Five  spans  of  83  to  90  feet.  Roadway  18  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Cass  County,  Logansport,  Indiana,  1913 


SHAWNEE  BRIDGE  ON  UNION  STREET,  OVER  GREAT  MIAMI  RIVER,  PIQUA,  OHIO 
Five  spans  of  94  to  110  feet.   Roadway  50  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Miami  County,  Troy,  Ohio,  1914 


10 


LEWISBURG  BRIDGE,  OVER  WABASH  RIVER,  LEWISBURG,  INDIANA 

Roadway  18  feet 

See  opposite  page,  upper  view 

Showing  recently  completed  gravel  road  extended  across  the  bridge 


SHAWNEE  BRIDGE  ON  UNION  STREET.  OVER  GREAT  MIAMI  RIVER,  PIQUA.  OHIO 

Roadway  50  feet 

See  opposite  page,  lower  view 

Showing  macadam  pavement  and  cement  walks  on  the  bridge 


11 


BIG  SNAKE  CREEK  BRIDGE,  BADE  COUNTY,  FLORIDA 

Five  spans  of  26  feet  each.    Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Dade  County,  Miami,  Florida,  1917 


ORLAND  BRIDGE,  OVER  STONY  CREEK,  ORLAND,  CALIFORNIA 

Thirteen  spans  of  70  to  100  feet.  Roadway  24  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  Glenn  County,  Willow,  California,  1914 


12 


LA  JUNTA  BRIDGE,  OVER  ARKANSAS  RIVER,  LA  JUNTA,  COLORADO 

Seven  spans  of  60  to  90  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 

For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Otero  County,  La  Junta,  Colorado,  1914 

On  the  Santa  Fe  Trail 


LEONARD  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  GRAND  RIVER,  GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICHIGAN 

Seven  spans  of  73  to  90  feet.    Roadway  63  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  City  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  1912 


13 


LAFAYETTE  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  HILLSBORO  RIVER,  TAMPA,  FLORIDA 
Twin  spans  of  93  feet  4  inches  each  and  steel  lift  of  84  feet 

Roadway  77  feet  8  inches 
For  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  City  of  Tampa,  Florida,  1913 


iliwrannn 


FOURTH  STREET  BRIDGE,  CLARKSBURG,  WEST  VIRGINIA 

Five  spans  of  64  to  120  feet.   Roadway  42  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  City  of  Clarksburg,  West  Virginia,  1915 


14 


BLAIR  BRIDGE,  OVER  POTOMAC  RIVER,  MONTGOMERY  COUNTY,  MARYLAND 

Span  of  waterway  55  feet.   Roadway  22  feet 
For  the  Maryland  State  Road  Commission,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1910 


PLAINFIELD  BRIDGE,  OVER  WHITE  LICK  CREEK,  PLAINFIELD,  INDIANA 

Three  spans  of  47y2  to  55  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 

For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Hendricks  County,  Danville,  Indiana.  1910 
On  the  Old  National  Road.  Washington  to  St.  Louis 


15 


TUMWATER  BRIDGE,  OVER  DESCHUTES  RIVER,  TUMWATER,  WASHINGTON 

Four  spans  of  26  to  60  feet.   Roadway  32  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Thurston  County,  Olympia,  Washington,  1915 


CENTER  CREEK  BRIDGE,  SOUTHWEST  MISSOURI  RAILROAD,  JOPLIN,  MISSOURI 

Eight  spans  of  55  to  75  feet.   Roadway  22  feet 
For  the  Southwest  Missouri  Railroad,  Joplin,  Missouri,  1912 


16 


SOMERSET  BRIDGE,  OVER  LEOX  RIVER,  BEXAR  COUNTY,  TEXAS 

Four  spans  of  50  to  55  feet.  Roadway  18  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Bexar  County.  San  Antonio,  Texas,  1915 


THIRD  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  WABASH  RIVER,  LOGAXSPORT,  IXDIAXA 

Three  spans  of  96  to  101  feet.   Roadway  49J4  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Cass  County,  Logansport,  Indiana,  1913 


17 


FIFTEENTH  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  SHUNGANUNGA  CREEK,  TOPEKA,  KANSAS 

Twin  spans  of  60  feet  each.    Roadway  30  feet 

For  the  City  of  Topeka,  Kansas,  1916 


BLUE  RIVER  BRIDGE,  FREDERICKSBURG,  INDIANA 

Twin  spans  of  80  feet  each.    Roadway  24  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Washington  County,  Salem,  Indiana,  1914 


18 


JACKSON'S  MILL  BRIDGE,  NEAR  WESTON,  WEST  VIRGINIA 

Twin  spans  of  70  feet  each.  Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Lewis  County,  Weston,  West  Virginia,  1913 


FLORENCE  BRIDGE,  OVER  ARKANSAS  RIVER.  FLORENCE,  COLORADO 

Twin  spans  of  65  feet  each.    Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Fremont  Count}-,  Canon  City,  Colorado.  1913 


19 


ANGELL  BRIDGE,  OVER  CANON  PADRE,  BETWEEN  FLAGSTAFF  AND  WINSLOW,  ARIZONA 

Span  of  waterway  136  feet.    Roadway  16  feet 

For  the  Arizona  State  Highway  Department,  Phoenix,  Arizona,  1915 
On  the  Santa  Fe  Trail 


LITTLE  COLORADO  RIVER  BRIDGE,  HOLBROOK,  ARIZONA 

Span  of  waterway  174  feet.    Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Arizona  State  Highway  Department,  Phoenix,  Arizona,  1915 

The  centering  was  washed  from  under  this  extremely  long  span  two  weeks  after  concreting 
with  no  damage  to  the  structure.   See  Engineering  News,  Oct.  26,  1916 


20 


VONORE  BRIDGE,  OVER  TELLICOE  RIVER,  VONORE,  TENNESSEE 

Twin  spans  of  65  feet  each.  Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Monroe  County  Road  Commission,  Madisonville,  Tennessee,  1913 


SHERWOOD  BRIDGE,  OVER   EAGLE  RIVER,  SHERWOOD,  COLORADO 

Twin  spans  of  55  feet  each.   Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Eagle  County.  Red  Cliff.  Colorado,  1913 


21 


MILL  CREEK  BRIDGE,  RANDOLPH  COUNTY,  WEST  VIRGINIA 

Span  of  waterway  70  feet.   Roadway  14  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Randolph  County,  Elkins,  West  Virginia,  1915 


ROCK  CREEK  BRIDGE,  ADAMS  COUNTY,  WASHINGTON 

Span  of  waterway  65  feet.   Roadway  20  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Adams  County,  Ritzville,  Washington,  1915 


22 


YORKTOWN  BRIDGE,  OVER  BUCK  CREEK,  YORKTOWN,  INDIANA 

Span  of  waterway  95  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Delaware  County.  Muncie.  Indiana.  1904 


CEMETERY   BRIDGE,  BENTON   HARBOR.   MICHIGAN 

Span  of  waterway  86  feet.    Roadway  12  feet 
For  the  City  of  Benton  Harbor.  Michigan.  1915 


23 


HIGH-LEVEL  BRIDGE,  OVER  SASKATC 

Ten  spans  of  25  t 
See  fro 

This  type  of  bridge  is  suited  to  structures  of  great  height,  permitting  long  span  arches  with  skeleton  supei 

ever  rise  above  the  ends  of  the  supporting  arches  the  small  spa 


LOW-LEVEL  BRIDGE,  OVER  GRE 

Eighteen  spans  of  70 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioner 

This  type  of  bridge  is  suited  to  any  location  where  spans  of  moderate  length,  say  not  to  exceed  125  or  150 

floods.     For  behavior  of  such  structures  in  floods  see  " 


24 


^'ER.  SASKATOON.  SASKATCHEWAN 
aadway  63  feet 
ige  4 

1  should  be  used  only  for  locations  where  the  arches  are  never  submerged;  for  if  flood  waters  should 
ivoiild  clog  with  debris,  requiring  removal  after  each  flood 


RIVER,  MIDDLETOYVX.  OHIO 

Roadway  30  feet 

ounty,  Hamilton,  Ohio.  1915 

nomical  and  where  complete  submergence  of  the  arches  or  even  of  the  entire  structure  may  occur  in 
oncrete  Bridges  in  the  Easter  Flood  of  March.  1913" 


25 


ISLAND  PARK  BRIDGE,  WINFIELD,  KANSAS 

Three  spans  of  35  to  45  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 

For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Cowley  County,  Winfield,  Kansas,  1912 


CICOTT  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  WABASH  RIVER,  LOGANSPORT,  INDIANA 

Six  spans  of  96  to  108  feet.   Roadway  35  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Cass  County.  Logansport.  Indiana,  1913 


26 


TYGART'S  VALLEY  RIVER  BRIDGE,  GRAFTOX,  WEST  VIRGINIA 

Six  spans  of  (&l/i  to  90  feet.   Roadway  25  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Taylor  Count}-,  Grafton,  West  Virginia,  1915 


MICHIGAN  RAILWAY  BRIDGE,  OVER  GRAND  RIVER,  GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICHIGAN 

Five  spans  of  85  to  95  feet.  Roadway  25  feet 
For  the  Michigan  Railway  Company,  Grand  Rapids.  Michigan.  1915 


27 


BUCKINGHAM  BRIDGE,  LAKE  FOREST,  ILLINOIS 

Three  spans  of  45  feet  each.   Roadway  36  feet 
For  the  Town  of  Lake  Forest,  Illinois,  1912 


OHIO  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  BRIDGE,  OVER  MAUMEE  RIVER,  WATERVILLE,  OHIO 
Twelve  spans  of  75  to  90  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 

See  page  6 
For  the  Ohio  Electric  Railway  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1907 


28 


LITTLE  RIVER  BRIDGE.  DADE  COUNTY.  FLORIDA 

Three  spans  of  \7*/2  to  30  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Dade  Count}-.  Miami,  Florida,  1917 


REPUBLICAN  RIVER  BRIDGE.  CAMBRIDGE,  NEBRASKA 

Five  spans  of  52  to  62  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Nebraska  State  Highway  Department.  Lincoln.  Nebraska,  1914 


29 


MINERS  FORD  BRIDGE,  IOLA,  KANSAS 

Three  spans  of  70  feet  each.   Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Allen  County,  lola,  Kansas,  1907 


NORTON  POINT  BRIDGE,  MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA,   MASSACHUSETTS 

Six  spans  of  25  to  48  feet.    Roadway  20  feet 

For  William  A.  Tucker,  New  York,  1912 


30 


HAUGHT  BRIDGE,  TYLER  COUNTY,  WEST  VIRGINIA 

Three  spans  of  63  to  66  feet.  Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Count}-  Court  of  Tyler  County,  Middlebourne,  West  Virginia.  1914 


FREDERICK  ROAD  BRIDGE,  ELLICOTT  CITY.  MARYLAND 

Three  spans  of  56  to  72  feet   Roadway  28  feet 
For  the  Maryland  State  Road  Commission.  Baltimore,  Maryland.  1915 


31 


T.  H.,  I.  &  E.  RY.  BRIDGE,  OVER  WHITE  LICK  CREEK,  PLAINFIELD,  INDIANA 

Five  spans  of  35  to  42  feet.  Roadway  16  feet 
For  the  Terre  Haute,  Indianapolis  and  Eastern  Traction  Company,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1906 


BRIDGE  816,  C.  &  L.  M.  RY.,  OVER  SUGAR  CREEK,  NEAR  LIMA,  OHIO 

Twin  spans  of  60  feet  each.  Roadway  22  feet 
For  the  Ohio  Electric  Railway  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1907 


32 


MIDDLETOWN  BRIDGE,  OVER  SVVATARA  CREEK.  MIDDLETOWX.  PEXXSYLVAXIA 

Three  spans  of  94  to  96  feet.    Roadway  23  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Dauphin  County.  Harrisburg.  Pennsylvania.  1914 


BRIDGE  2671,  ST.  JOSEPH  DIVISION*.  K.  C.  C.  C.  &  ST.  J.  RY..  ST.  JOSEPH.  MISSOURI 

Span  of  opening  70  feet.   Roadway  16  feet.   Skew  53  degrees 
For  the  Kansas  City.  Clay  County  &  St.  Joseph  Railway  Company.  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  1912 


33 


WAYNE  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  WABASH  RIVER,  PERU,  INDIANA 

Seven  spans  of  75  to  100  feet.  Roadway  32  feet 

For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Miami  County,  Peru,  Indiana,  1905 
The  only  highway  bridge  on  sixty  miles  of  the  Wabash  River  to  survive  the  flood  of  March,  1913 


SEVENTEENTH  STREET  BRIDGE,  BOULDER,  COLORADO 

Span  of  waterway  70  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 

For  the  City  of  Boulder,  Colorado,  1906 


34 


TAYLOR'S  FALLS  BRIDGE,  OVER  MERRIMAC  RIVER,  NASHUA,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

Five  spans  of  88  to  100  feet.  Roadway  36  feet 
For  the  City  of  Nashua  and  Town  of  Hudson,  New  Hampshire,  1910 


I 


RIPLEY  BRIDGE.  RIPLEY,  NEW  YORK 

Span  of  waterway  80  feet.   Roadway  16  feet 

For  the  Town  Board  of  Ripley,  New  York,  1908 


35 


CARTERSBURG  BRIDGE,  CARTERSBURG,  INDIANA 

Twin  spans  of  90  feet.    Roadway  22  feet 
For  the  Terre  Haute,  Indianapolis  &  Eastern  Traction  Company,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1907 


ltffTt-f~f''    f   f    f    '          '    S  •*  S  f     • 

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CLOVER  CREEK  BRIDGE,  PIERCE  COUNTY,  WASHINGTON 

Span  of  waterway  45  feet.    Roadway  28  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Pierce  County,  Tacoma,  Washington,  1914 


36 


NOCCALULA  FALLS  BRIDGE.  OVER  BLACK  CREEK,  GADSDEN,  ALABAMA 

Span  of  waterway  56  feet.  Roadway  18  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Etowah  County,  Gadsden,  Alabama,  1916 


FAIR  GROUNDS  BRIDGE,  DES  MO1NES,  IOWA 

Span  of  waterway  12  feet.    Roadway  36  feet 
For  the  Iowa  State  Fair  Association,  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  1910 


37 


LUTEN  DESIGN  BRIDGE,  OVER  PIKES  PEAK,  PUEBLO,  COLORADO 

Span  of  waterway  85  feet.  Roadway  16  feet 

Showing  snow-capped  Pikes  Peak  just  visible  SO  miles  away  under  the  lower  right  half  of  the  span 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Pueblo  County,  Pueblo,  Colorado,  1913 


•.."$?.' jgs  •     r''^"  -    '    -    '•-; 

--  *  >*-    -"  -          '.*"•••  •••<*••   - 

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RAGING  RIVER  BRIDGE,  KING  COUNTY,  WASHINGTON 

Span  of  waterway  SO  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  King  County,  Seattle,  Washington,  1916 


38 


. 

' 


' 


BRIDGE  NO.  3,  CHEROKEE  PARK,  LOUISVILLE,  KENTUCKY 

Span  60  feet.  Roadway  30  feet.   Skew  60  degrees 
For  the  Board  of  Park  Commissioners,  Louisville,  Kentucky,  1911 


PLYMOUTH  ROCK  BRIDGE,  PLYMOUTH,  MASSACHUSETTS 

Span  of  waterway  15  feet.    Roadway  15  feet 
For  the  Town  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  1907 


• 

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39 


BIG  CREEK  BRIDGE,  GREENWOOD,  MISSOURI 

Span  of  waterway  54  feet.   Roadway  24  feet 
For  the  County  Court  of  Jackson  County,  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  1915 


WASHINGTON  AVENUE  BRIDGE,  OVER  BLACK  RIVER,  ELYRIA,  OHIO 

Span  of  waterway  150  feet.    Roadway  48  feet 
For  the  Board  of  Works  of  the  City  of  Elyria,  Ohio,  1914 


40 


PITTSBURGH  STREET  BRIDGE,  OVER  NESHANNOCK  RIVER.  NEWCASTLE,  PENNSYLVANIA 

Twin  spans  of  75  feet  each.    Roadway  60  feet 

See  view  below 
For  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Lawrence  County,  Newcastle,  Pennsylvania.  1909 


PITTSBURGH  STREET  BRIDGE.  OVER  NESHANNOCK  RIVER.  NEWCASTLE,  PENNSYLVANIA 

See  view  above 

This  photograph  was  taken  during  the  Easter  flood  of  March.  1913.  showing  the  two  75-foot  arches  flowing  full, 

yet  free  from  debris,  because  of  the  turbulent  cushion  of  surface  water  against 

the  haunches  which  deflects  the  debris 


41 


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FREDEKICKSBOK;  BRIDGE.  SALEM.  JXEMJOTA 

Twm  fp*K  <M  •  feet  cadb.  Boafenn-  M  iert 

Sorvinrl 


CSIMAXA 

- 


Highway  Bridge  of  Plain  Design,  16-Foot  Roadway  and  Wings 

Span  of  Waterway,  40  feet.   See  view  below 

This  bridge  of  narrow  roadway  has  the  same  curve  as  the  bridge  below,  showing  the  possibility 

of  widening  an  arch  of  narrow  roadway  and  plain  appearance  to  a 

more  attractive  and  pleasing  design 


Park  Bridge  of  Attractive  Design,  30-Foot  Roadway,  Extended  Spandrels 

Span  of  Waterway,  40  feet.    See  view  above 

This  bridge  has  the  same  curve  as  the  bridge  above,  showing  the  possibility  of  widening  the  roadway  for 
increased  volume  of  traffic  and  for  increased  appreciation  of  beauty  by  the  community 


44 


HARFORD  AVENUE  BRIDGE,  OVER  HERING  RUN,  BALTIMORE,  MARYLAND 

Three  spans  of  50  to  126  feet.    Roadway  56  feet 

Showing  method  of  construction  of  arch  in  longitudinal  sections.   View  under  126-foot  span 
For  the  Maryland  State  Roads  Commission,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  19' 9 


PAINT  BRANCH  BRIDGE,  NEAR  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Three  spans  of  60  feet  each.    Roadway  16  feet 

Showing  light  pier  construction  possible  by  analyzing  arch  and  pier  as  a  continuous  elastic 
body.    Pier  30  feet  high,  4  feet  thick,  for  unbalanced  load  of  75  tons 


45 


ADVANTAGES   OF   CONCRETE   BRIDGES 

Concrete  for  permanence. 

Concrete  bridges  are  permanent  improvements. 

Concrete  bridges  have  no  wooden  floors  that  are  periodically  out  of  repair. 

A  concrete  bridge  is  the  only  bridge  that  grows  stronger  as  it  grows  older. 

As  time  passes,  traffic  on  our  highways  grows  heavier;  steel  and  wooden  bridges 
grow  weaker;  concrete  bridges  grow  stronger;  to  build  a  concrete  bridge,  then,  is 
just  plain  common-sense. 

Concrete  bridges  are  built  with  home  labor  and  materials.  The  money  ex- 
pended for  a  concrete  bridge  returns  directly  to  the  taxpayers. 

Concrete  arch  bridges  are  readily  adapted  to  soft  foundations. 

Concrete  arch  bridges  can  be  widened  to  provide  for  increased  volume  of  traffic 
without  destruction  of  the  original  investment. 

The  concrete  arch  abutment  has  its  maximum  pressure  near  the  back  of  a  wide 
base,  not  easily  attacked  by  flood  scour. 

Heavy  concrete  arches  are  not  easily  moved  by  ice  or  flood. 

The  concrete  arch  may  be  erected  under  the  old  bridge  or  around  trestle  bents, 
with  no  interruption  of  traffic. 

The  concrete  arch,  properly  designed,  adapts  itself  to  all  temperature  changes 
without  deterioration. 

The  concrete  arch  employs  concrete  most  efficiently. 

For  equal  waterway,  the  concrete  arch  has  the  longest  span  at  lowest  level,  thus 
relieving  floods  at  early  stages  instead  of  damming  them  back;  it  is  most  efficient  in 
discharge  because  its  center  of  pressure  is  lowest  and  when  flowing  full  its  hydraulic 
radius  greatest. 

The  concrete  arch  also  provides  the  highest  opening  for  a  given  span,  thus  per- 
mitting passage  of  debris  at  highest  flood  stages. 

The  concrete  arch  harmonizes  readily  with  its  surroundings  and  if  well  de- 
signed is  an  attractive  structure  for  any  location. 

The  concrete  arch  is  difficult  to  design  but  easy  to  erect,  hence  the  ideal  bridge 
for  the  expert  engineer. 

Fifteen  years  ago  a  bridge  was  considered  to  be  a  structure  for  carrying  traffic 
across  a  river.  We  are  realizing  to-day  that  a  permanent  bridge  must  carry  the 
roadway  itself  across  the  river. 

Concrete  bridges  are  flood-proof  and  frost-proof,  rust-proof  and  fire-proof.  A 
concrete  bridge,  once  built,  is  built  for  all  time. 


46 


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